Pakistan Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research Series A: Physical Sciences

Effect of Energy and Density Separation of Electron Beams on the Peak Growths and Wavenumbers in a Free-electron Laser with Two Relativistic Beams and a Helical Undulator

2025-03-10T10:29:50-04:00

This article is devoted to the study of the free-electron laser (FEL) employing two relativistic electron beams and a helical undulator. Our study is based on the framework of kinetic description. By using the first order principle the dispersion relation (DR) which has shown the resonance bands is obtained. To generality a water bag distribution function (DF) for electron beams is considered. Using the iteration method by numerical solution DR for the electromagnetic mode and space charge mode has been solved. It has shown that increasing the energy separation of two electron currents results in decreasing the peak growth and causes to increase in the wave number of the FEL resonance, while it has the opposite behaviour for two stream FEL resonance. It has been noticed that the coupling of the electromagnetic wave (EMW) with the space charge wave leads to the instabilities.

First Principles Investigation to Explore Effects of Thulium Doping on Electronic Properties of ZnO

2025-03-10T10:43:27-04:00

The electronic along with the electronic properties of pure zinc oxides (ZnO) and Thulium (Tm) doped ZnO were studied by utilizing the density functional theory. The periodically arranged bulk crystalline structures were investigated for single point precision within framework of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional in generalized gradient approximation (GGA-PBE) implemented in amsterdam density functional BAND (ADF-BAND). The computed band gap of the pristine ZnO is -1.36 eV and after doping the band gap increased to 1.6 eV and new energy levels 4/ orbitals are produced in the band gap of ZnO. The pristine ZnO offers zero spin polarization whereas the Tm doped ZnO shows considerable spin polarization in the 4/ orbitals of the thulium atom which shows the ferromagnetic behaviour of the material. The modifications in electronic, magnetic as well as optical properties of ZnO induced after Tm doping are studied in detail. The band structure showing impurity levels is modeled

Evaluation of Radon-222 Level in the Warehouses at Umm Al-Qura University

2025-03-10T11:02:10-04:00

Radon (222Rn), a daughter product of Ra in Uranium series, is a naturally occurring radioactive gaseous isotope. When radon isotopes are inhaled, it might damage the lungs if very excessive. The aim of this work is to assess 222Rn activity concentration present inside 26 warehouses of Umm Al-Qura University using RAD 7 detector and to alert the workers, while working inside the warehouses. The highest 222Rn concentration was 126.1±6.2 Bq/m3 in the old storage 2 with AED (annual effective dose equal) to 3.18 mSv/y. The lowest was 8.3±0.98 Bq/m3 in the organic chemicals storage with AED equal to 0.209 msv/y. The value of EP (Exposure to 222Rn Progeny) and the PAEC (potential alpha energy concentration) was equal to in the range 0.0533 WLM/Y-0.0351 WLM/Y and 13.63-0.9 mWL respectively in the two warehouses. The value of CPPP (number of lung cancer cases per year per million people) was 57 in the old storage 2 warehouse, while the lowest value was found in Organic Chemicals Storage warehouse which was equal to 4. 222Rn concentration in all the 26 warehouses is substantially below the limits set by US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), which recommends remediation at a maximum of 148 Bq/m3 (4 pCi/L) but according ALARA high ventilation system is recommended in warehouses rooms.

Pharmacogenomics and Diabetes: Current Progress and Prospects

2025-03-10T11:13:57-04:00

Pharmacogenomics describe the influence of an individual's genes on the drug response. With the wide variety of genetic diversity in individuals the response to drugs is also varied. The genetic makeup of a person influences the drug metabolism as well as its efficacy and the appearance of adverse drug reaction. By studying this relationship between the genes and the drugs can formulate an individualized treatment which is specific to a person in terms of dosage and efficacy. This would lead to an overall improvement in drug therapy by improving the safety, efficacy profile and reduce the cost and time of treatment and occurrence of adverse side effects. Pharmacogenomics is important in the development of new drugs. High rate of response variability exist among diabetic patients as a consequence of genetic diversity of the genes involves in drug response and transport. This review will summarize the targeted strategies towards the genetic variation studies based on drug response and the drug response towards candidate gene involved in diabetes. With the use of pharmacogenomics tools, clinical and genetic data from the patients, it is possible to formulate treatment plans that can reap remarkably favourable results.

Design and Manufacture of a Biogas Measuring Device Produced by the Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Waste

2025-03-10T11:32:54-04:00

The production of biogas through anaerobic digestion of organic waste has been recognized as a promising source of renewable energy. Accurate measurement of biogas production is crucial for studying the effect of different parameters affecting the production of biogas. In depth theoretical study was carried out to design and manufacture a biogas measuring device that can measure a very small volume of gas (2-20 mL) at very low pressures (close to atmospheric pressure) with high accuracy (18.95± 0.16 mL) that met the laboratory work requirements. The device utilizes the principle of liquid displacement and buoyancy to measure the volume of biogas produced during anaerobic digestion. The device was calibrated using a known volume of gas and then tested it. The results showed that the device was able to accurately measure the biogas production rate. The device is easy to use, affordable and can be scaled up for use in larger anaerobic digestion systems. The successful design and manufacture of this biogas measuring device will contribute to the efficient and effective operation of anaerobic digestion systems and the utilization of renewable biogas as a source of energy.

Some Examples on Equivalence of Tolman and Einstein Energy Momentum Complexes in General Relativity

2025-03-10T11:51:31-04:00

Through the lens of Tolman and Einstein energy momentum formulations, we conduct a comprehensive analysis of the energy momentum localization in different space times (diagonal and non- diagonal). We obtained that the two formulations (Tolman and Einstein) provide the same results for these space times (diagonal and non-diagonal). However, we further obtained that the super-potentials of Tolman and Einstein are different in general relativity for all diagonal and non-diagonal space times.

Using the Box-jenkins Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Method in Cabbage Production Forecasting

2025-03-10T12:02:13-04:00

The research objective was to predict cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) production using Box- jenkins autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) method. This method is suitable in time series data with observational values that are statistically related to one another. Cabbage is one of the main agricultural commodities in Batu city, with a productivity of 180 quintals per hectare in year 2022. Based on the economic potential of the cabbage crop which is quite high, forecasting the production of cabbage is necessary to optimize inventory management and supply planning. The data used on monthly cabbage yield in Batu for the last five years from January, 2018 to December, 2022 which is 60 observations as the basis for analysis. The analysis result shows that the best model for prediction cabbage production is ARIMA (1,0,0) and forecasting result for the next twelve months shows a constant pattern. The model produces a MAPE value of 6.09% means that the accuracy of the model is 93.91% so, it can be concluded that the model is suitable for use in the analysis of cabbage production data. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable insights for farmers, traders and other related parties in optimizing the production, distribution and marketing strategies of cabbage in Batu city.

Multifractal Analysis and Interpretation of Reservoir Fluids

2025-03-10T12:10:06-04:00

Spectral decomposition technique is used in seismic interpretation for identifying hydrocarbon reservoirs, thin beds and channels. Seismic traces contain discontinuities, also known as singularities, which can be used to derive important geological and geophysical information about the earth formation. To analyse these singularities, statistical techniques are necessary to detect variations in rock and fluid properties. The current study describes a method based on characteristics of singularity spectrum derived from analysis of multifractals for detecting reservoir homogeneity (same reservoir fluids) or heterogeneity (different reservoir fluids) on synthesized and modelled seismograms. Singularity spectrum features namely correlation dimension and width were investigated. By using these additional characteristics, prospective hydrocarbon zones become more reliable, reducing drilling uncertainty and possibly improving reservoir fluid flow modelling.

The Industrial Transitions and Their Impact on Wind Solar Hybrid Power Generation with Inference Model Approach

2025-03-10T12:25:22-04:00

The industry 5.0 revolution has an objective to enhance the performance of the specialized user with efficient integration, intelligent collaboration and manipulation of processes towards the precise and accurate results in order to optimized the resources in combination with the user in comparison to industry 4.0. In this article, the short comings of the industry 4.0 are faced regarding their application with wind- solar hybrid energy sector and highlights its solutions against challenges that enhanced its transformation toward the adaptation of the industry 5.0 revolution. We have elaborately discussed a potential application of industry 5.0 that proposes an architectural concept describing a transformation of industry 4.0, which implies a cyber physical system to the newly emerging industry 5.0 revolution adopting a human cyber physical system (HCPS) specifically for wind solar hybrid power generation plants. The proposed Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) based model is presented in order to optimize the feedback and control system for the efficient utilization of energy resources for electrical power generation/consumption in connection with the micro grid connectivity. The presented model will be standardized and regulate the supervisory control and data acquisition system mediated by machine learning modeler and well-informed decisions.

Integrated Geophysical and Geochemical Characterization of Subsurface Sulfide Mineralization Over Parts of Gawuch Formation, Chitral, North Pakistan

2025-03-10T13:01:58-04:00

A multidisciplinary approach combining geophysical and geochemical exploration techniques which have been employed in this study. The sulfide minerals characterization hosted in the Gawuch formation, Chitral, northern Pakistan. Geologically, the mineralization is observed in several forms such as disseminated, fracture filling and supergene enrichment. The geophysical survey, using the electrical self-potential (SP) method have identified five prominent circular to semi-circular, high conductive or negative (SP) anomaly closures (A, B, C, D and E). These anomalies suggest geological discontinuities or fracture zones typical of porphyry deposits, indicating the potential in which presence of a subsurface network of fractures or veins that could be promising drilling targets for sulfide mineral prospection in the area. The half-width method indicates that the anomaly sources range from near surface to around

22.48 meters deep, suggesting shallow mineralization targets. Shallow core drilling and samplings further confirmed the geophysical anomalies and yielding an average geochemical composition of Cu (7.84%), Fe (28.34%), Pb (87.2 ppm), Sb (157 ppm), Zn (446 ppm), Ag (75.5 ppm) and Au (0.14 ppm), thus confirming the presence of polymetallic sulfide deposits. The integrated geophysical, core drilling, geological and geochemical analysis has led to the interpretation that sulfide mineralization in the Gawuch formation, Chitral region is structurally controlled by NNE-SSW trending fault/fracture system and associated with diorite-granodiorite intrusion which exhibit affinities with porphyry systems, thus intimating a potential porphyry style mineralization.

Depositional Environment of Neogene Foreland Deposits (Manchar Formation) from the Bara Nai Section of the Southern Indus Basin, Pakistan

2025-03-11T09:39:12-04:00

Study of depositional environment of the Neogene deposits are important for their potential to uncover the paleogeography of the foreland basins. The paleogeography on the other hand is the sum of interactions between the tectonism, climate and sedimentary processes in a basin. The depositional environment of the Neogene foreland deposits exposed in Bara Nai section of Southern Indus Basin is poorly understood. The present study is aimed to understand the broad depositional environment of these deposits through analysis of primary sedimentary features and textural characteristics of the sandstone. The primary sedimentary structures include cross bedding and strata containing planar-lamination. Other depositional features include oxidized beds, mammal bones and petrified wood. The studied sandstones are medium to fine grained. The sandstones are mostly moderately sorted with a few showing poor sorting. The skewness range of the studied sediments shows coarse-skewed to near symmetrical, while the average skewness curves are near asymmetrical in nature. The kurtosis of the studied samples shows platykurtic nature and some represent mesokurtic and leptokurtic feature. Field sedimentologic studies and granulometric analysis involving linear discriminate functions reveal that the Neogene Manchar formation in the Bara Nai section was deposited in a fluvio-deltaic environment during Neogene.

Short Communication Approximation of Harry Dym Equation via Local RBF Method

2025-03-11T09:51:30-04:00

Differential equations, which can be found in many branches of physics and engineering which are produced through mathematical modeling of many physical systems. A crucial dynamical equation that has uses in a number of physical systems is the HD equation. This is one of the significant nonlinear evolution equation that comes up when studying solitons. In this paper, the HD equation is numerically solved using a local radial basis function (LRBF) approach with the goal of creating local spatial approximation at each point in space as a consequence of local methodology. To deal with time variable, Runge-Kutta scheme of order four is applied. For proving suggested method accuracy and efficiency some error norms viz LRMS, Loo and L2 of test problems are calculated. The solutions obtained by LRBF method are also compared to past studies, and the results of proposed approach are better and more closely match to the exact solution.

Review on Diagnostic and Managerial Consequences of PCOS Among Females

2025-03-11T10:04:32-04:00

PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) is followed by diagnostic criteria at different times and ages. There is United States criteria by National Health Institutes that was presented in 1900 followed by Rotterdam presented in 2003 and considered as one of best diagnostic criteria to date. Moreover, in 2006 PCOS society for androgen excess presented criteria for diagnosing PCOS but only 25% of females are satisfied by their diagnosis. After diagnosis PCOS issues, personalized management the best tactic and however, categorizing genotypes in different classes and monitoring medicinal proposals may possibly be beneficial medically. Surgical therapy, lifestyle modification, dietary control and by taking diet of moderate carbs and fats and a depleted pretentious diet can help in managing the hormonal issue side by side managing co-morbidities along with medicinal treatment for excess androgen appropriate for avoiding destructive consequences of PCOS. More over oral contraceptives and anti-diabetic like metformin along with cosmetic removal of hair by temporary and permanent management.